MODEL OF BACKSTROKE TURN TECHNIQUE
 AIM of movements Try to create higher turn speed than swimming speed!
General cognitive assignments: Avoid unnecessary movements during all phases Prepare for proper approach to the wall before turn Keep relaxed during rotation, gliding and kicking Increase impulsive forces for push-off, kicking and pullout actions using elasticity of muscles Decrease resistance during push-off and gliding Ensure correct timing of fixing joints for transfer of power during push-off, kicks and pullout Use inertial momentum during rotation in ellipse curve Co-ordinate good breathing actions with movements. Inhale before roll-over and begin breathing after turning actions are over Realise aims of movements in each phase but also prepare for the movements in following phase PHASES : 1. SWIMMING BEFORE TURN AIM of movements Continue with same swimming speed !
 Parameters: Forward swimming speed: 1.30 - 1.50 (m/sec) (Speed before turn is necessary to compare to speed after turn) Requirements for self control: Co-ordinate correct moment for roll- over from back to breast before the wall    2. ROLL-OVER STROKE PHASE AIM of movements Try to increase forward speed !
Parameters: Forward speed during roll over stroke: 1.35 - 1.65 (m/sec) (This parameter shows efficiency of that different stroke before rotation. It is normal that speed of that stroke is much higher then backstroke swimming speed) Requirements for self control: Make powerful stroke with twisting of the body using kayaking action of recovering arm Decide correct timing of beginning rotation, with head down, immediately after body is on the breast according to the rules 3. ROTATION PHASE    AIM of movements Try to minimise the duration of rotation !
Parameters: Duration of rotation : 0.90 - 0.82 (sec) (Indicate effect of flip turning) Forward movement of hips during rotation : 1.0 - 0.7 (m) (Shows how much hips moving during rotation forward) Requirements for self control: Continue movement of hips towards the wall during rotation making ellipse Avoid unnecessary movements of arms during rotation Make good dolphin leg kick at the beginning of rotation Place the feet correctly and simultaneously on the wall Avoid too much over rotation of shoulders 4. PUSHING PHASE   AIM of movements Try to increase pushing power and speed !
Parameters: Forward speed during push : 1.5 - 1.8 (m/sec) (Mean speed of hips during pushing indicate effect of pushing action. Mean speed should be analysed as beginning from zero and ending as max speed when feet leaves the wall : mean speed 1.5 m/sec means that max speed is about 3.0 m/sec and mean speed 2.0 Push off duration : 0.3 - 0.2 (sec) (Push off duration indicate power of pushing : then shorter then better, but if swimmer is waiting before pushing, this duration considered as extra unnecessary time) Requirements for self control: Take streamlined position of body and arms for push, hide head between the arms Keep back rigid and fixed during push Keep direction of push horizontal, relatively deep, under wave Begin push-off immediately after feet touch and make push duration very short 5. GLIDING PHASE   AIM of movements Try to maintain gliding speed !
Parameters: Forward speed of glide after push: 2.3 - 1.9 (m/sec) (This parameter shows swimmer hydrodynamic streamline qualities and timing of the first leg kick actions) Requirements for self control: Head , body and legs must be very streamlined during glide Make glide deeper for longer underwater actions Hold good horizontal body , head and arms position during glide Avoid long glide duration to maintain high speed 5. UNDERWATER KICKING PHASE   AIM of movements Try not to lose forward speed !
Parameters: Forward speed during leg kicks : 1.5 - 1.75 (m/sec) (Efficiency of underwater undulation movements and leg kicks) Duration of underwater leg kicks: 1.4- 2.4 (sec) (If speed is high, then duration may be longer ,if low then shorter) Requirements for self control: Leg action must be undulating movements with correct force transfer and rhythm Keep head between stretched arms during leg kicks Count optimum number of underwater leg kicks and make them with smaller amplitude at the beginning and bigger at the end Feel the best duration of underwater leg kicks to maintain high forward speed Use only effective dolphin leg kicks instead of flutter kicks Use movements trajectory of gradual rise to surface ! Decide about length of underwater part (according to rules max. 15m !) 6. PULLOUT PHASE    AIM of movements Try to increase pullout speed !
Parameters: Forward speed during first pullout stroke : 1.3 - 1.5 (m/sec) (Parameter indicate efficiency of that first pull) Forward speed during second pullout stroke : 1.3 - 1.5 (m/sec) (Parameter indicate efficiency of that second pull) Requirements for self control: Timing of the beginning of first pullout stroke, must be in time , at the end of the last dolphin leg kick and optimum depth of the body - not too deep Simultaneously with the beginning of first arm pull switch over to flutter leg kicks, so that catch of right arm pull is co-ordinated with the right leg kick up, or vice versa Make first arm pull with extreme forward stretch of other arm Body must be rising up to the surface at the end of the first arm pull Timing of the beginning of second arm pull must be in time, at the end of first arm push, not too late, avoid extra gliding between strokes The action of both arm strokes during pullout must be long with good acceleration, fixed elbow positions Begin breathing actions (exhaling) during first pullout, and keep body position flat 7. SWIMMING AFTER TURN   AIM of movements. Try to continue with same speed as before turn !
Parameters: Speed of the swimming cycle after turn : 1.3 - 1.5 (m/sec) (High speed indicate good swimming technique after turn movements and must be compared with pullout speeds before it, as well as with swimming speed before turn: must be same or higher) Requirements for self control: Continue the proper rhythm of swimming and breathing actions with speed according to your individual tactical plan of the race    |
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