BACKSTROKE START
Men Women
Results of testing the Best Male and Female Swimmers AVERAGE BEST
parameters
AVERAGE BEST
parameters
Duration of reaction with hands release (sec)rein haljand: (This parameter indicate time necessary to prepare and begin pushing action) 0.5 0.32G. Hamm 0.4 0.34K. Sexton
Duration of pushing action (sec)rein haljand: (It indicates pushing power, as well explosive form of push) 0.2 0.12D. Grigalionis 0.26 0.2K. Stefanyshin
Forward speed of head during push (m/sec)rein haljand: (Head speed forward indicate how pushing by legs, body and head  move fast forward to take fly-off position) 4.2 5.6D. Grigalionis 3.1 4.18N. Dryden
Forward speed of body during flight (m/sec)rein haljand: (This is main parameter of successful flight,  high flight speed is precondition for good start) 3.1 3.78M. Versfeld 2.7 3.59N. Dryden
The length of head entry (m)rein haljand: (This is main parameter of successful flight,  high flight speed is precondition for good start) 2.1 2.68M. Versfeld 1.7 1.98N. Dryden
Forward speed of hands during entry (m/sec)rein haljand: (High entry speed shows swimmer quality of streamlining and will guarantee continuous high speed for following gliding) 3.2 3.75M. Versfeld 2.7 3.16K. Stefanyshin
Forward speed of body after entry (m/sec)rein haljand: (This parameter shows also swimmer hydrodynamic streamline qualities and timing of the first leg kick actions) 2.2 2.91M. Versfeld 1.7 2.67K. Stefanyshin
Forward speed during legs kick (m/sec)rein haljand: (Efficiency of underwater undulation movements and leg kicks) 1.75 2.31C. Renaud 1.5 1.67K. Stefanyshin
Duration of legs kick (sec)rein haljand: (If  speed is high, then duration may be longer ,if low then shorter) 3 5.08C. Renaud 2.8 5.78M. Santos
Forward speed during first pullout armstroke (m/sec)rein haljand: (Parameter indicate efficiency of that first pull) 1.65 1.98C. Renaud 1.5 1.69K. Stefanyshin
Forward speed during second pullout armstroke (m/sec)rein haljand: (Parameter indicate efficiency of that second pull) 1.65 1.92M. Versfeld 1.5 1.67K. Stefanyshin
Forward speed of swimming cycle after start (m/sec)rein haljand: (High speed indicate good swimming technique after start movements and must be compared with pullout cycle speed before it) 1.65 1.84M. Versfeld 1.5 1.6N. Dryden
Backstroke start time 15m (sec) 7.4 6.4 8.4 7.2