BACKSTROKE TURN 
Men Women
Results of testing the Best Male and Female Swimmers AVERAGE BEST
parameters
AVERAGE BEST
parameters
Forward speed of swimming cycle before turn (m/sec)rein haljand: (Speed before turn is good to compare to speed after turn)(Higher speed before turn is precondition for better turning actions) -1.5 -1.74M. Versfeld -1.3 -1.5L. Virgini
Forward speed during roll-over stroke (m/sec)rein haljand: (This parameter shows efficiency of that different stroke before rotation. It is normal that speed of that stroke is much higher then backstroke swimming speed before turn) -1.6 -1.84N. Laurentino -1.35 -1.5K. Stefanyshin
Duration of rotation (m/sec)rein haljand: (Indicate effect of grouping and turning) 0.85 0.64M. Versfeld 0.9 0.76K. Stefanyshin
Forward movement of hips to wall during rotation (m)rein haljand: (Shows how much  hips continue moving during rotation forward) -1 -1.38D. Grigalionis -0.7 -1.06K. Sexton
Push-off duration (sec)rein haljand: (Push off duration indicate power of pushing : then shorter then better, but if swimmer is waiting before pushing,  this duration considered as extra unnecessary time) 0.3 0.16M. Versfeld 0.3 0.16L. Virgini
Forward speed during push (m/sec)rein haljand: (Average forward speed of hips during pushing indicate effect of pushing action.) 1.5 2.11C. Renaud 1.5 1.81E. Gummel
Forward speed of gliding after push (m/sec)rein haljand: (This parameter shows swimmer hydrodynamic streamline qualities and right timing of the beginning  leg kick actions) 2.2 2.63D. Griaglionis 1.9 2.36Z. Gray
Forward speed during legs kick (m/sec)rein haljand: (Efficiency of underwater undulation movements and leg kicks) 1.65 1.91C. Renaud 1.5 1.79J. Malar
Duration of legs kick (sec)rein haljand: (If speed is high, then duration may be longer, if low then shorter) 2 5.66C. Renaud 1.4 2.38M. Santos
Forward speed during first pullout armstroke (m/sec)rein haljand: (Parameter indicate efficiency of that first pull) 1.55 1.92M. Versfeld 1.3 1.57K. Stefanyshin
Forward speed during second pullout armstroke (m/sec)rein haljand: (Parameter indicate efficiency of that second pull) 1.55 1.89M. Versfeld 1.3 1.58L. Virgini
Forward speed of swimming cycle after turn (m/sec)rein haljand: (This parameter need to be compared to swimming speed before turn and it must be same or higher) 1.55 1.9G. Hamm 1.3 1.55K. Stefanyshin
Backstroke turn time 15m (sec) 8.6 7.3 9.7 8.8